1. Introduction. The successful shale gas revolution in North America has significantly changed the unconventional energy landscape (Soeder, 2018).Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are the main technologies used to remove shale gas from formations (Vengosh et al., 2013).In general, shale gas exists in certain mudstones and …

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Fracture (Frac) Sands in Kentucky General Information. Sandstone suitable for use in hydraulic fracture well treatments (frac sands) are in high demand due to the shale gas revolution in the U.S. …

In shale oil and gas recovery, hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") involves injecting pressurized fluids underground to induce fracturing of the source rock, making the extraction of otherwise inaccessible hydrocarbon resources economically viable. Eventually, the fractures close because of the weight of the ground above.

2) Different fracturing fluids were mixed for 1-2 minutes in a high shear rate blender with. minimum air entrainment. 3) After blending, the fluids rested for 1 hour in a sealed beaker. 4) The ...

The findings demonstrate four distinct interaction modes between the shale–sandstone interfaces and hydraulic fractures. The lithology of the initiated layer influences the fracture propagation trajectory, thereby affecting the propagation modes at the shale–sandstone interface and resulting in varying effects on layer penetration.

Shale is a lithified mud — a sedimentary rock composed mostly of clay- and silt-sized grains. There are several ways to define shale. Some definitions are rather narrow. Glossary of Geology published by the American Geological Institute defines shale as a laminated, indurated rock with >67% clay-sized minerals 1.

@article{Li2023ExperimentalSO, title={Experimental study on mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of shale layered samples with different mineral components under cyclic loading}, author={Guanfang Li and Zhijun Jin and Xiao Li and Kouqi Liu and Wencheng Yang and Maotian Qiao and Tongtong Zhou and Xiukuo Sun}, …

ABSTRACT:. The volume fracturing has become an effective technology for the development of shale oil reservoir in Shengli Oilfield. For multi-layer tight sandstone reservoir with thin mudstone, effective control of fracture height and use of stress interference are the keys to form complex fracture network. In this paper, a two …

Frac Sand Division Located in the heart of the Eagleford, the Frac Sand Division can serve both the eastern and western flanks of the basin. The plant has a production capacity of 3million tons per year and utilizing its …

The hydraulic fracturing fluid is typically predominantly water (so-called "slickwater") containing proppant (usually sand) to hold fractures open, as well as a number of chemical additives that modify the fluid properties (GWPC & IOGCC, 2017; Stringfellow et al., 2014).Hydraulic fracture geometry may range from planar to complex …

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1. Introduction. The rapid development of the global economy has increased the demand for hydrocarbon resources, leading to enormous pressure on the supply of conventional oil and gas resources [1].To compensate for this shortage, the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources have gained attention in recent …

The direction of horizontal drilling follows the natural fractures of shale rock. A typical Marcellus Shale well is drilled 5,000 to 9,000 feet vertically and up to 10,000 feet horizontally. About 37% of U.S. public water supply comes from groundwater sources, while the rest comes from surface water bodies like lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.

Frac sand gets its name from its use in hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"), a completion method used by oil and natural gas companies to produce natural gas, natural gas liquids, and oil from unconventional, low permeability reservoirs such as shale. Basins with high frac sand demand include the Permian Basin, Eagle Ford Shale, the Mid ...

Production from shale oil in the United States has helped contribute to a glut in world oil supply that led to a precipitous drop in oil prices beginning in the summer of 2014. As prices fell from over $100 per barrel in July 2014, to less than $30 per barrel in January 2016, production from the Eagle Ford declined over 500,000 BOPD.

Buntok Perdana Coal Mining Sand Fracture Shale Suppliers . T03:07:43+00:00. Experimental investigation of hydraulic sand fracturing on . 201941 The mechanical properties, brittleness and microfracture development of different coal macrolithotypes (bright coal, semibright coal, semidull coal and dull coal) 20211115 …

1. Introduction. Shale oil resources have become an important supply of the global energy in recent years (Curtis, 2002; Jarvie et al., 2007; Ghosh et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2019; Tao et al., 2021; Yassin et al., 2022).This particular georesource is defined as the petroleum that is stored in the pores and fractures of organic-rich shale strata, including …

Fracture development contributes to the volumetric increase of free natural gas, desorption of adsorptive gas and the increase of total gas accumulation in shale ( Curtis, 2002, Chen et al., 2009, Li et al., 2009, Nie et al., 2009b ). Many studies have been made on the origin of fractures and their distribution in shale gas reservoirs as well ...

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Hydraulic fracturing promotes the shale gas revolution worldwide. Since most of the fracturing fluids used now are water-based, shale hydration could happen before and after the treatment. However, the effects of shale hydration on hydraulic fracture initiation, fracture complexity, and proppant distribution have not been clarified. …

This is all according to a newly shared case study from sand supplier PropX and US shale producer Ovintiv. Since the highlighted field test was completed last year, PropX has pumped more than 1 billion …

Shale gas wells have been fractured with slurries carrying low proppant concentration during early stages (0.25–1.0 lb of proppant per gallon of fluid, or ppga).The proppant concentration during the "tail-in" stage is higher, usually from about 2 to 3.5 ppga (Palisch et al., 2008).Small size proppants such as 100 mesh and 40/70 mesh are …

Sand is a key ingredient for shale drillers, who use a mixture of sand, water and chemicals to fracture rock formations deep underground and release the oil and gas trapped inside. But the flood of sand is hitting the market just as growth has begun to slow in the Permian Basin because of pipeline and labor constraints that make oil and gas ...

boreholes were targeted to small dolerite intrusions within the shale. The dolerite was intensely fractured at. the intrusion edge, with signi ficant zeolite growth along the fracture surfaces ...

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Fracturing Fluid – The primarily water-based fluid used to fracture shale. It is basically composed of 99 percent water, with the remainder consisting of sand and various chemical additives. Fracturing fluid is pumped into wells at very high pressure to break up and hold open underground rock formations, which in turn releases natural gas.

The results of hydraulic fracture modeling in a hydrocarbon reservoir consisting of laminated sand and shale sequences are presented. Work previously published by other authors addresses hydraulic ...

The structural fracture forming mechanism varies depending on the type of shale in the basin. Natural fractures in the Woodford and Marcellus shale gas fields are the primary cause of the thrust fold of the Appalachian Basin in North America and shale detachment deformation [17, 18], on the other hand, natural fractures in the Haynesville …