Elements such as rare-earth metals are crucial for the clean-energy transition. Sustainability, equity and security are all at risk in the rush to break China's dominance over their production.

"Rare earths" are a group of 17 chemically similar elements crucial to the manufacture of many hi-tech products. Despite their name, most are abundant in nature but are hazardous to extract.

The first-generation rare earth permanent magnet SmCo 5 was first reported in 1967 and is a binary intermetallic compound. It consists of a RE-Co permanent magnet composed of RE atoms and other metal atoms in a ratio of 1:5. The melting point of SmCo 5 is 1350 °C and it can be defined as single or multiphase.

1.1. Rare Earth Elements. Rare earth elements (REEs) [ 1 ], sometimes also referred to as rare earth metals (REMs) [ 2] as the basis for rare earth materials [ 3 ], are critical to producing high technology equipment [ 4] and for innovative technologies [ 5 ], often as alloys [ 6] or additives thereof [ 7 ], to achieve advanced material ...

The process, which has also been used on material left over from magnet manufacturing that typically goes to waste, can recover 90 to 98 percent of the rare earths, and the material is pure enough ...

Brief Introduction. HNRE was founded in 1958, as one of the 242 transformed scientific research institutes of China State Council. HNRE is one of the first two institutions engaged in rare earth smelting, separation, application research and development in China. HNRE is also a decorated unit successfully developed by China's "two bombs and one ...

For example, one megawatt of wind energy capacity requires 171 kg of rare earths, a single U.S. F-35 fighter jet requires about 427 kg of rare earths, ... Ten materials, including cobalt, lithium, graphite, and rare earths, …

1. Introduction. Rare earth compounds-based optical materials have been widely used in areas of illumination, information display, light communication and so on. 1, 2 Because the photoluminescence properties of lanthanide ions (Ln 3+) mostly come from the f → f transitions of its 4f orbitals which are well shielded from the environment by the …

MP Materials Corp. (NYSE:MP), a miner of rare earth minerals, fell -18.8% as weak ore prices weighed on its stock price. The long-term outlook is bright as the EV supply chain continues to expand ...

The Journal of Rare Earths covers all research and application of RE rare earths including spectroscopy, luminescence and phosphors, rare earth catalysis, magnetism and …

In order of increasing atomic mass, the 17 rare earth metals and some of their common applications are given below. Scandium: Atomic weight 21. Used to strengthen aluminum alloys. Yttrium: Atomic weight 39. Used in superconductors and exotic light sources. Lanthanum: Atomic weight 57. Used in specialty glasses and optics, …

A cornerstone of the program was a $35 million award, in February 2022, to MP Materials to design and build a facility to extract and process rare-earth elements from ore at its Mountain Pass mine ...

Most REEs are not as rare as the group's name suggests. They were named "rare-earth elements" because most were identified during the 18th and 19th centuries as "earths" (originally defined as materials that could not be changed further by heat) and in comparison to other "earths," such as lime or magnesia, they were relatively rare.

MP Materials also has backing from the Pentagon, including a contract to boost heavy rare earths supply. More on MP Materials MP Materials: The Only U.S. REE Producer With Top Notch Balance Sheet

While the amount of rare earths in each phone is very small, the quantity of phones sold each year is astounding. Apple iPhone sales went from around 55.8 million units in 2010 to about 225 million in 2022 1. Where do They Come From? While named "rare" earth elements, they are in fact not that rare and are relatively abundant in the Earth's ...

Rare-earth based materials possess unique optical properties, superior magnetism, and high X-ray absorption abilities, enabling high-resolution imaging of the brain through magnetic resonance ...

Rare earth elements are also used in other ways that don't involve magnets. Vehicle-mounted laser range finders, such as those found on Abrams M1A1/2 tanks, make use of rare earth elements, as do ...

Rare earths are also used as a refiner in gas used to fuel internal combustion engines. Rare earth magnets, like that of Neodymium-iron-boron, are used in sensors, and even ferrite magnets contain small amounts of rare earths and minor metals like Lanthanum and Cobalt to improve magnet performance by as much as 25%.

Sloustcher said the heavy rare earths will be refined in a different building, adding that the project is just getting started. To fully domesticate the magnet supply chain, MP Materials also began construction on the United States' first rare earth magnetics factory in April 2022. Located in Fort Worth, Texas, the facility will be able to ...

Other minerals that have been used as a source of rare earths are apatite, euxenite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Allanite, fluorite, perovskite, sphene, and zircon have the potential to be future sources of rare earths. (In addition, uranium and iron tailings have been used in the past as a source of the heavy lanthanides plus yttrium and of the ...

The rare earth elements (REEs) or rare earth metals (REMs) are a group of metals found within the same ores and possessing similar chemical properties. Scientists and engineers disagree on exactly which element should be included in a list of the rare earths, but they generally include the fifteen lanthanide elements, plus scandium and …

The US could soon become a world leader in rare earth minerals after over two billion metric tons were found in Wyoming. The discovery could mean America taking over China, whose supplies stand at 44 million metric tons. According to American Rare Earths Inc, the discovery 'exceeded [their] wildest dreams' having only drilled around a …

Demand for rare earths has risen steadily since the middle of the 20th century, and there are no real alternative materials to replace them. As important as rare earths are to a modern technology ...

Cerium, which is the most abundant, ranks 28th, and thulium, the least abundant, ranks 63rd. Collectively, the rare earths rank as the 22nd most abundant "element" (at the 68th percentile mark). The non- lanthanide rare-earth elements, yttrium and scandium, are 29th and 44th, respectively, in their abundances.

There are 17 rare earth elements on the periodic table, but a better name for them would be the "troublesome earths." Here's why. Comments (1) Why is it so …

REE Periodic Table: The Rare Earth Elements are the 15 lanthanide series elements, plus yttrium. Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes …

Rare earth elements (REE) include the lanthanide series elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) plus Sc and Y. Currently these …

Rare earth elements (REE) are a group of 17 elements, including the 15 elements of the lanthanide series on the periodic table of elements together with the transition metals scandium and yttrium. ... Canada has some of the largest known reserves and resources (measured and indicated) of rare earths in the world, estimated at over …

Peak Rare Earths seals Ngualla supply agreement with China's Shenghe subsidiary. Australia-based Peak Rare Earths stock price surged 6% on the ASX, to close at A$0.52, following an announcement it had struck a long-term offtake agreement for its Ngualla rare earth project in Tanzania.

The materials are then shipped to our 100-hectare advanced materials plant in Gebeng, Malaysia, where the concentrate is separated and processed into high quality Rare Earth materials. As part of our Lynas …