Rare earth element and yttrium (REY) deposits are important strategic resources widely used in high-tech applications, such as solar cells and wind turbines. This paper summarises the temporal-spatial characteristics and genesis of REY deposits in China classified as alkaline carbonatite, ion-adsorption, placer, sedimentary …

Yttrium occurs in most rare earth minerals. A rare earth mineral contains one or more—usually many—of the rare earth elements. The most important rare earth mineral is monazite. Monazite occurs in many places in the world, especially Brazil, Australia, Canada, and parts of the United States. Typically, monazite contains about 3 percent yttrium.

The most abundant rare earth elements are cerium, yttrium, lanthanum and neodymium [2]. They have average crustal abundances that are similar to commonly used industrial …

The effects of rare earth yttrium with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 atomic ratios on the microstructure and properties of FeCoNi1.5CuB high-entropy alloy were investigated. The results show that the lattice distortion of the matrix alloy is increased after yttrium addition. There are three characteristic zones: the bulk trivalent boride phase zone, basement …

1. Introduction. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) constitute an important tool for studying biogeochemical cycling and sedimentary processes in the ocean (Elderfield and Greaves, 1982, Paul et al., 2019b).However, the ambiguity of marine REY budgets, in addition to questions regarding the process of REY migration from seawater …

Mixtures of rare-earth chlorides containing yttrium or scandium as the predominant metal 2846.90.2082 Free. Yttrium-bearing materials and compounds containing by weight >19% to <85% Y 2 O 3 2846.90.4000 Free. Other rare-earth compounds, including yttrium and other compounds 2846.90.8000 3.7% ad valorem.

The rare earth group comprises 15 Lanthanides in the periodic table with atomic numbers 57–71 and another two elements-Scandium and Yttrium. Because of similar physical and chemical characteristics, the lanthanide elements (especially the heavy REEs with atomic number 64–71) and Yttrium often occur together in nature [64] .

Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) has been considered as an appropriate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its non-toxicity, high voltage platform and high energy density. Whereas, an occurrence of Jahn–Teller distortion in disordered structure of spinel is inevitable due to the presence of Mn3+ ion and the cycling behavior …

The rare earth elements (REE) are a set of seventeen metallic elements. These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table plus scandium and yttrium. Rare earth elements are an essential part of many high …

Yttrium is classified as a rare earth element due to its rarity on earth. It is never found as a free element but usually found in a compound with the lanthanides. Yttrium was discovered in 1787 by Carl Axel Arrhenius in the town of Ytterby, Sweden. In the mineral sample that Arrhenius analysed the elemental Yttrium was isolated in 1828 by ...

The separation of adjacent rare earth (RE) is one of the most difficult separation tasks, especially the separation and purification of yttrium (Y) from heavy rare earth (HREE). In the traditional Y separation process, the organic phase composed of acidic extractants such as naphthenic acid (HA) and neodecanoic acid (NDA) need to be …

The extraction behavior of yttrium and lanthanides with CA-12–TBP in kerosene solution is shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4. Fig. 3 shows the effect of log D versus pH on the single rare earths and that on the mixture rare earths using the feed as aqueous is shown in Fig. 4 which is more representative and realistically for industry application. …

Carbonate minerals are ubiquitous in most sediment-hosted mineral deposits. These deposits can contain a variety of carbonate types with complex paragenetic relationships. When normalized to chondritic values (CN), rare-earth elements and yttrium (REE+YCN) can be used to constrain fluid chemistry and fluid-rock interaction processes …

The rare earth elements (REEs) or rare earth metals (REMs) are a group of metals found within the same ores and possessing similar chemical properties. Scientists and engineers disagree on exactly which element should be included in a list of the rare earths, but they generally include the fifteen lanthanide elements, plus scandium and …

1. Introduction. The demand for rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium has grown due to their wide applications as metal catalysts, phosphors, light-emitting diodes, permanent magnets, various components for renewable green energy equipment, and batteries (Pecht et al., 2012, Hower et al., 2016).The importance of REE has been …

Rare Earths / Rare Earth Elements / REE. Rare earths, each member of the group of chemical elements consisting of three elements of the group 3 (scandium [Sc], yttrium [Y] and lanthanum [La]) and the first extended series of elements below the main body of the periodic table (Cer [Ce ] by Lutetium [Lu]).

Rare earth elements (REEs) represent the group of 17 elements comprising 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc) (Table 1). Among the REEs, yttrium was discovered first in 1794 by a Finish chemist, Johan Gadolin who isolated an oxide and called it "yttria," in a mineral collected from a quarry near the village of Ytterby in Sweden.

yttrium (Y), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of Group 3 of the periodic table. Yttrium is a silvery white, moderately soft, ductile metal. It is quite stable in air; rapid oxidation begins above approximately …

Occurrence. Yttrium is rare earth mineral found in uranium ores. It is not present in free form. It is considered as the 28 th most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is present in rare earth ores, such as laterite clays, gadolinite (silicate especially iron, beryllium, yttrium, cerium and erbium), euxenite and xenotime (yttrium orthophosphate) are most …

The process involves converting yttrium oxide to yttrium fluoride. By adding calcium in a vacuum induction furnace, it becomes a metal. Yttrium is one of the 17 rare earth elements. Learn more about its discovery, …

Rare earth elements are one group of metals that are critical for a greener economy, and the location of their reserves are increasingly valuable. ... (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), …

yttrium (Y), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of Group 3 of the periodic table. Yttrium is a silvery white, moderately soft, ductile …

Glass formation and structure-property relations were explored in highly modified borate glasses containing high loads of rare-earth elements, whose crystalline analogues display a trigonal to tetrahedral borate phase transition (BO 3 3− → BØ 2 O 2 3−, where Ø and O − indicate bridging and non-bridging oxygen atoms). The resulting borate …

Xenotime deposits (xenotime is a rare earth phosphate mineral which is a rich source of yttrium and heavy rare earths) in Madhya Pradesh, carbonatite-alkaline complex in Ambadongar, Gujarat, polymetallic mineralization in Siwana Ring Complex, Rajasthan (Banerjee et al., 2014) are some of the promising areas for REE exploration and …

The rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of metals including the lanthanide series plus scandium and yttrium (Cornell 1993).They are critical components of many high-technology and clean energy products, such as electromobiles, wind turbines, and intelligent electric devices (USEPA 2012).In China, REEs were also widely used as …

The rare-earth yttrium induces cell apoptosis and autophagy in the male reproductive system through ROS-Ca 2+-CamkII/Ampk axis. ... Rare earth elements (REEs) are a valuable and useful metal resource with low abundance and scattered global distribution and are mainly used in petroleum production, aerospace, electronics, and …

Rare earth element and yttrium (REY) deposits are important strategic resources widely used in high-tech applications, such as solar cells and wind turbines.

Yttrium belongs to REEs and more precisely to the heavy rare-earth element group (Jowitt et al., 2018). REEs play a critical role in many sophisticated technologies in the automotive, renewable and defence sectors, and contribute to the increased efficiency and performance of products.

of rare-earth elements may occur; • Trends in the supply and demand of rare-earth elements domestically and internationally; • How undisturbed and mined rare-earth deposits interact with the environment. List of the rare-earth elements found in natural deposits—the "lanthanides" plus yttrium.

Yttrium is also one of the rare-earth elements. Despite their name, rare-earth elements are rather plentiful around the world. The 17 …